Organizing an Evening Party

Organizing an Evening PartyName Zhu Chuyan ID 4546474Executive SummaryThe savant union of Coventry University decides to organize an even out branchy to watch over the coming Art Festival on March 1st.The leap out is aiming at planning some phases to conduct the level party in order to flinch the risk and cost to the least.The frame will start on January 21st, which will last for one month. The estimated bud pay is 2000-3000.1, IntroductionThe honk definition phase lays the base of operations for obtaining information about the project and provides a shargond understanding about its objectives, sponsorship, costs, benefits, timeframes, resources and mandate. (Toolbox, 2007) With a project, the executors lavatory clearly see what the process they should follow and sum up the intimately effective and efficient way to achieve their goal.Owing to the coming of Art Festival of Coventry University, the school school-age child Union decides to start an evening party. The evenin g party rout out non only help the t from each oneers and students relax after heavy work and tired study, it freighter also increase their genius of art.This project is aiming at elaborating the essential steps of organizing the evening party and recording some precautions, which will greatly avoid project failure caused by the want of proper planning. But this project will not contain where to find or design the item listed in table 1 and will not estimate the income from selling food and drinks. And it will not mention what atomic number 18 the exact days to get the requirements.2, Project Scope Project scope is the part of project planning that involves determining and documenting a list of specific project goals,deliverables, tasks, costs and deadlines. (SearchCIO, 2012) It can be defined as everything about a project. This project is going to define objectives, deliverables plan the resources, schedules and milestones in detail analyze the stakeholders and risks and summ arize and execute the project.2.1 Project objectives The objective of this project is to organize a successful evening party on March 1st 2013 to celebrate the Art Festival. The members of the student union would identical to control the budget between 2000 and 3000. And they would like to regain most of the money through selling the 4 entrance tickets and food and drink.2.2 Project deliverables Deliverables can be anything. It can be a real object, a service, a piece of softw be and so on. They are anything the project can deliver to the stakeholders. In this project, the most important aim is to provide an evening party to the teachers, students and new(prenominal) relevant staffs. A stage (with stage lighting and 500 seats), audio equipments and tog are also needed for the performers (students of University and some from Birmingham University). And decorations are needed to illustrate the stage. Moreover, dissemination is necessary. So leaflets and playbills should be deliver ed to teachers and students forward the party begins. The pattern of ticket should be assumption to the print plant in time to ensure the tickets can be completed in time and sold one day before the evening party. Last but not the least, there is enough note in the meeting place for the food and drink distributors (who are volunteers of Coventry University) to sell the products.2.3 Resources It can be said that every project need resources like labor resources and objects. The estimated resources required for this project are stage, audio equipments, performers, clothes, leaflets, tickets, food and drink, decoration and food and drink suppliers. The budget of performers is zero because they are all students from university, who are instinctive to perform shows in the evening party. But they can enjoy the food and drink freely when they show their staff cards (the cards will be distributed to the performers when they enter the meeting place) and plus credits. As for the clothes, in some of the small-scale musical performances, they can wear their own clothes. So do the students from Birmingham University. That is to say, the cost of their clothes is not included in the budget. Furthermore, the food and drink distributors are students who apply for volunteers. There are a total of 12 people. They will be given 15 after their work as bonus. They can enjoy the food and drink freely, too. Table 1 will show the expected budget of each item.(Table 1)Expected income Each ticket will cost 4. There are 500 seats. If 400-450 tickets are sold, there will be 1600-1800 income. There will be another(prenominal) income from the food and drinks.2.4 Stakeholder analysis Stakeholders are individuals who either care about or bemuse a vested interest in your project. They are the people who are actively involved with the work of the project or have something to either gain or lose as a result of the project. (Connecxion 2009) In this project, the stakeholders are Principal o f Coventry University Financial departments of Coventry University Customer end users Project team planners and organizers Food and drink suppliers Printing plant Stage supplierStakeholder instruction Grid (Table 2)2.5 Communication plan Principal of Coventry UniversityBook a day to see the adept and ask for the consent to organize the party.Problem The principal may not be in the office on the expected days.Solution The student union should readily find another day to get the permission. Financial departments of Coventry UniversityBook a day to see the staff of the financial departments and discuss the proper budget.Problem The staff may not be in the office on the expected days. And he/she may give the student union budget which is not expected.Solution The student union should quickly find another day to get the permission. As for the budget, the student union should correctly use the budget and reduce unnecessary cost. Customer end usersStudent union can send e-mails throu gh the school mail to inform the teachers and students before the leaflets come out. And then distribute the leaflets to students and teachers from Feb 22nd-28th.Problem Not every teachers or students who have been informed of the evening party will certainly go there. Owing to the weather problem, they may not be willing to go, too.Solution The student union can intensify propaganda and try to catch peoples attention to the evening party. Project team planners and organizersThey are the members of student union. So they can directly talk to each other. Or sometimes they can contact by phone or e-mail.Problem Planners and organizers get sick, which result in the clog of the project.Solution Find other student union member to take place of them to carry on the work. Food and drink suppliersContact them through telephone. If the factories are near the school, the members can walk to the factories and talk to the suppliers directly.Problem The food and drink can not be distributed to Coventry University on expected day.Solution preclude calling the suppliers every 2 or 3 days and ask the process rate. Printing plantContact them through telephone. If the factories are near the school, the members can walk to the factories and talk to the suppliers directly.Problem The tickets and leaflets can not arrive in the student union on the expected day.Solution Keep calling the printing plant every 2 or 3 days and ask the progress rate. Stage supplierGo to the meeting place directly. After determination a suitable stage, then talk to the supplier directly. If he is not here, then contact him by telephone.Problem Someone else has booked the stage before the Coventry student union.Solution Student union should have found the stage as early as possible. If it is still too late, find another stage.2.6 Risk analysis(Table 3)2.7 Scheduling The chart below shows the steps of organizing the evening party.(Table 4)2.8 Milestones Milestones are essential to manage and control a project, but there is no task associated with it (although preparing a milestone can involve significant work). Usually a milestone is used as a project checkpoint to validate how a project is progressing and revalidate the work. (Hub Pages, 2008) The following milestones are showing the completion of every phases of the project.(Table 5)2.9 Constraints The only constraint or deadline is the evening party opening day, scheduled to occur on March 1st, 2013. The entrance tickets should be sent to the student union on February 27th, 2013. And the leaflets should be sent to the student union no later than February 22nd, 2013.3, ConclusionThis project is aiming at conduct an evening party on March 1st, 2013 in order to celebrate the Art Festival. It mainly covers the project scope like project deliverables, project objects, resources, stakeholder analysis and so on. A Gantt chat will be used below to set up a timeline of the project.Conducting an evening party is not an easy task. It req uires the organizers and planners to have good understanding of every issues of a project. They should also pay attention to the details in order to minimum the problems. They can have conclusion after the evening party and learn a lesson from it. In the future, they can improve the quality of next project.References(1) Toolbox (2007) Project Definition Why, What, Who, When and How? online, easy at http//it.toolbox.com/blogs/lpuleo/project-definition-why-what-who-when-and-how-20530 November 15, 2007(2) SearchCIO (2012) Project Scope online, available at http//searchcio.techtarget.com/definition/project-scope July 2012(3) Connecxion (2009) Project Stakeholders online, available at http//cnx.org/content/m31209/latest/ Sep 24, 2009(4) Hub Pages (2008) Project Milestones online, available at http//aramyus.hubpages.com/hub/Project_milestones July 26, 2008 adjunct (Gantt Chart)

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol Hydrochloride

Levocetrizine Dihydrochloride and Ambroxol HydrochlorideSIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF LEVOCETRIZINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE AND AMBROXOL HYDROCHLORIDE IN SYRUP DOSAGE FORM BY USING UV SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC METHODS. S. Pekamwar, Madhav ShelkeABSTRACT A sincere, economical, rapid, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric order was genuine for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation. Determination of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride (LCTZ) and Ambroxol hydrochloride (AMB) in bulk and in sirup was conducted by using simultaneous equation mode based on measurement of absorbance at 246 nm and 231 nm, max of LCTZ and AMB, respectively. The solvent used for proposed method was methanol pee (5050). The linearity for LCTZ and AMB was in the range of 5-35 g/ml and 5-50 g/ml, respectively. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. The % recovery was found to be in the range of 99.52- 99.82% and 100.37- 100.72% fo r LCTZ and AMB, respectively. Thus the proposed method was simple, rapid, reproducible and accurate and can be successfully utilize for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in Syrup formulation.KEYWORDS Levocetrizine dihydrochloride, Ambroxol hydrochloride, coinciding Equation system, UV Spectrophotometry, Syrup, Validation.INTRODUCTION Levocetirizine is a third generation non-sedative antihistamine. Chemically, levocetirizine is the active enantiomer of cetirizine. It is the L-enantiomer of the cetirizine racemate. Levocetirizine toys by blocking histamine receptors. Levocetrizine is chemically, (R)-2-2-4-(4- chlorophenyl)phenylmethyl piperazin-1-yl ethoxy acetic acid dihydrochloride.Chemical Structure of Levocetrizine dihydrochlorideAmbroxol is an active N-desmethyl metabolite of mucolytic bromhexine. Ambroxol is used as a bronchosecretolytic and expectorant drug. Ambroxol has been shown to increase the quantity and m itigate the viscosity of respiratory tract secretions. It enhances pulmonary surfactant production (surfactant activator) and stimulates ciliary motility. These actions result in improved mucus flow and transport (mucociliary clearance). Enhancement of quiet secretion and mucociliary clearance facilitates expectoration and eases cough. Ambroxol is chemically, trans-4-(2-Amino-3,5-dibromobenzyl)amino cyclohexanol hydrochloride.Chemical Structure of Ambroxol hydrochlorideLiterature survey revealed that various analytical methods involving UV Spectrophotometry, HPLC and HPTLC have been reported for LCTZ and AMB alone and in combining with other drugs. However there is no method developed for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The objective of present work was to develop simple, rapid, economical accurate and precise analytical method for simultaneous estimation of Levocetrizine dihydrochloride and Ambroxol hydrochloride in bulk and in liquid dosage form (Syrup). The developed method was validated in accordance with ICH guidelines and successfully employed for the assay of LCTZ and AMB in combined liquid dosage form (Syrup).MATERIALS AND METHODSChemicals and Reagents Analytically, pure LCTZ and AMB were provided as bounty sample by Bidwai Chemicals Pvt. Ltd. Nanded and Glen hybridization Pharmaceuticals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, respectively. Syrup of LCTZ and AMB, Mzic D manufactured by Monad Pharmaceuticals, were purchased from local pharmacy. Methanol AR grade (Molychem) and Distilled water was used throughout the data-based work.Instruments A UV-Visible Spectrophotometer Shimadzu, Model UV-1800 with 1 cm matched quartz cell and UV Probe 2.33 software was used. Calibrated analytical balance Anamed was used for weighing purpose. digital Ultrasonic Cleaner (Sonicator) HMG India and Vaccum Pump Assembly Millipore was used for the experimental work. breeding Standard Stock SolutionAmbrox ol hydrochloridre well-worn stock solutionAccurately weighed point of reference standard of AMB (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 11) and sonicate for 5 min. then volumes was make up to the mark with aforesaid(prenominal) solvent to obtain standard stock solution (100g/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 11) so as to get required concentrations.Levocetrizine dihydrochloride standard stock solutionAccurately weighed reference standard of LCTZ (10mg) was transferred to 100ml volumetric flask and dissolved in 50 ml solvent (Water, methanol 11) and sonicated for 5 min. then volumes was made up to the mark with same solvent to obtain standard stock solution (100g/ml) of drug. For the preparation of working standards, suitable aliquots of stock solution were pipette out and volumes were made up to the mark with solvent (Water, methanol 11) so as to get required concentrations.Selection of analytical wavelengthSample solutions were scanned over the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm, max for AMB and LCTZ were found at 231 nm and 246 nm. Representative absorption spectra of AMB and LCTZ are shown in fig. 1 2.Fig. 1 Absorption Spectra of LCTZFig. 2 Absorption spectra of AMBPreparation of calibration curve of AMB and LCTZBy appropriate dilution of standard stock solution, different dilutions were nimble ranging from 5g/ml to 35g/ml for LCTZ and 5 g/ml to 50 g/ml for AMB. Absorbance of all the dilutions was plotted against the respective concentrations to obtain the calibration curves. The absorption overlain spectrum of AMB and LCTZ is shown in fig. 3Fig. 3 cut across Spectra of LCTZ AMBFig. 4 Calibration Curve of LCTZFig. 5 Calibration Curve of AMBAnalysis of Marketed Syrup FormulationTen syrup bottles were weighed accurately, average weight was determined and poured in calibrated measuring cylinder to check extractable volume. As per label claim syrup contain LCTZ 5mg/5ml and AMB 30mg/5ml, so 5ml syrup was pipette out in 100 ml volumetric flask and dissolved in water methanol (11) solution, sonicated for 10 min and filtered. Then different concentrations of syrup sample were prepared by serial dilution method and used for analysis. Prepared syrup sample was analysed on UV spectrophotometer using Simultaneous Equation Method.Method ValidationThe method validation parameters linearity, precision, accuracy, repeatability, limit of detection and limit of quantitation were checked as per ICH guidelines. clearcutness Precision of the method was verified by using syrup stock solution, the repeatability indicates the cognitive process of the UV instrument. Inter sidereal day and intraday precision was determined by repeating the assay three times in same day for intraday precision and on different day for interday precision studies.Accuracy (Recovery Study) To check the accuracy of proposed method, recovery studies were carried out at 80%, 100% and 120% of the test conc. As per ICH guidelines.To perform recovery hold at 100%, 5ml syrup pipette out in volumetric flask and to this standard 30mg AMB and 5mg LCTZ was added. The volume as made up to the mark with water methanol (11) solution and further dilution with same solvent to obtain sample solution Similarly, for 80% recovery written report, 26mg AMB and 4mg LCTZ were added, and for 120% recovery study, 36mg AMB and 6mg LCTZ were added respectively.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONPrecisionIntraday PrecisionSr. no.Interval ofConcentration (g/ml)% RecoveryTimeAMBLCTZI30.104.96100.3499.35IIIntra-day29.954.9599.8499.28III30.204.97100.6899.54Table 1 Intra-day Precision data of marketed formulationName of the drug regard as*SD%RSDAMB100.280.42250.4213LCTZ99.400.13450.1353* Indicates average of three determinationsTable No. 2 Statistical validation of intra-day precision dataIn ter-day PrecisionSr. No.Interval ofConcentration (g/ml)% RecoveryTimeAMBLCTZAMBLCTZI30.144.98100.4599.79IIInter-day30.094.98100.3299.72III29.964.9899.8799.63Table 3 Inter-day Precision DataName of the drugMean*SD%RSDAMB100.210.30430.3036LCTZ99.710.08020.0804* Indicates average of three determinationsTable 4 Statistical validation of inter-day precision dataAccuracy (Recovery study)Level of Recovery tot up present(mg/5ml)Added concentration (mg)Amount recovered(mg)% RecoveryAMBLCTZAMBLCTZAMBLCTZAMBLCTZ30524454.318.97100.5899.7480%30524454.208.95100.3899.5230524454.388.98100.7299.8230530560.289.96100.4799.68100%30530560.329.97100.5499.7030530560.229.95100.3899.5430536666.3110.96100.4899.69120%30536666.3610.96100.5699.7230536666.2410.95100.3799.58Table 5 Recovery study dataLevel ofrecovery% Mean recoveryS.D.% R.S.D.AMBLCTZAMBLCTZAMBLCTZ80%100.5699.700.17080.15530.16980.1557100%100.4699.640.08020.08710.07980.0874120%100.4799.670.09530.07370.09480.0951Table 6 Statistical validation o f recovery study dataLimit of Detection and Limit of QuantitationName of the drugLOD g/mlLOQ g/mlAMB3.16459.5896LCTZ3.08919.3611Table 7 LOD LOQCONCLUSIONThe method used is simple and rapid and does not involve the use of complex instrument, low value of Standard deviation showed that the method is precise and high percentage of recovery of as shown in table shows that the method is accurate. Thus from the results it can be concluded that above developed UV method is suitable for estimation of AMB and LCTZ in syrup formulation. The estimated method is sensitive, precise, accurate, specific and economic. Hence, the method can be used successfully for quality control and routine analysis of finished pharmaceutical dosage form.REFERENCESIndian Pharmacopoeia 2007, The Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission, Government of India, Ministry of Health Family Welfare, Ghaziabad, Volume 2, 83 , 672.Makarand Avhad, Dr. C.G. Bonde, development and validation of simultaneous uvspectrophotometric Metho d for the determination of levofloxacin and ambroxol in tablets, International Journal of ChemTech Research, 2009, 1, 4, 873-888P.A. Patel, M.N. Dole, P.S. Shedpure, S.D. Sawant, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous love of Salbutamol And Ambroxol In Bulk And Formulation, Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 4, 2011, 42-45Ilangovan Ponnilavarasan, Chebrolu.Sunil Narendra Kumar, and P.Asha, Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Loratadine in Tablet Dosage form by Using Uv Spectrophotometric Method, 2.2011, 338-345Jawed Akhtar, Monica Padaria, Development Validation of UV Spectrophotometric Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Doxofylline Ambroxol Hydrochloride in Bulk their Combined Dosage Form, Indo Global Jr. of Ph. Sciences, 2013, 3(1), 90-95Ritu Kimbahune, Sunil K, Prachi Kabra, Kuldeep Delvadiya, Sanjay Surani, Spectrophotometric Simultaneous Analysis of Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Guaifenesin and Terbutaline Sulphate In Liquid Dosage Form (Syru p), International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review And Research, 8, 2, 2011, 24-28Jyostna S.Patil, Chandan R. Rane, Radhika D.Ingale, Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Methods for Estimation of Levocetirizine and Ambroxol in Pharmaceuticalv Dosage Form, Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences, 2013, 3, 2, 1115-1122S Lakshmana Prabu, AA Shirwaikar, Annie Shirwaikar, C Dinesh Kumar, G Aravind Kumar, Simultaneous UV spectrophotometric estimation of ambroxol hydrochloride and levocetirizine dihydrochloride, Indian J Pharm Sci, 70(2), 2008, 236238.Kishore Konam, Pottabathula Hari Prasad, Punuri Samuel Lukaraju, Sirajudeen. M.A, Determination of montelukast sodium and levocetrizine hydrochloride by using HPTLC method, Elixir International Journal, 38, 2011, 4276-4278Madhura V Dhoka, Shakuntala S. Chopade, Method Development Comparative Statistical Evaluation of HPLC HPTLC Method for Simultaneous Estimation of Cefodrixil Monohydrate Ambroxol Hydrochloride, Indo Glob al Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 2012, 203-212Prince Francis Moses, Prathap Singh, Alagar Raja, David Banji , Analytical Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Ambroxol and Desloratadine in its Pharmaceutical Dosage Form By Rp-Hplc, World Journal Of Pharmacy And Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(6), 2013, 6246-6262Rathore AS, Sathiyanarayanan L, Mahadik KR, Development of Validated HPLC and HPTLC Methods for Simultaneous Determination of Levocetirizine Dihydrochloride and Montelukast atomic number 11 in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Form, Pharm Anal Acta, 1(1), 2010, 1-6

The Graying Shades Of Media A Corrupt Conundrum Media Essay

The Graying Shades Of Media A Corrupt Conundrum Media EssaySince the days of the in traffic patternaldom vogue Indian media has been recognised as patriotic and dry landalist tool to provide un deflected risings and build positive universal debates. Mahatma Gandhi, The father of the Indian nation juggled his movement with the moral power of active journalism. Today, India with its over a billion population supports nearly 70,000 registered intelligence servicepapers and over 450 Television channels. In the sphere of journalism, on that point atomic number 18 eminent Journalists in the country who be honoured and accepted as the moral guide in the Indian fraternity. While the discussionpapers in Europe and America atomic number 18 losing their readership annually, the Indian print media is still going from strength to strength with huge circulations and greater merchandise opportunities. The media is still considered to be the fourth important pillar subsequently the jud iciary, parliament and bureaucratic set-up in democratic India. Media is considered to be a repository of public trust for conveying in doion to public honestly. With the advent of technology the crude dimension of internet has changed the way the intelligence is shared and views are exchanged. The speed of travel of information has grown logarithmically and media has become to a greater extent powerful than well-nigh(prenominal) time before to shape the minds and generation of opinions of the masses. Social media is developing as a pervasive tool to connect the society laterally which is affecting market strategies of the business houses and structuring policy-making influences by the sight in power or jut step forwardking power.Historically media has always taken the flak for favoring the to a greater extent important sections of society and has likewise been blamed to shade the news and views to suit the economic viability of the publishing houses. Political leanings a nd corporal influences on the editorials and selectivity in coverage of news is not hush-hush from the public but in recent years, malpractices in the Indian media has gone way beyond the corruption of individual journalists and media arrangings. Unfortunately the information is planted and views are on sale for favors received in cash or kind in institutionalized and organized forms of corruption. Newspapers publishers and television channels owners do not faint-hearted away from receiving funds for publishing or broadcasting information in favor of item individuals or corporate entities that is disguised as news. The plague of wrong commercial activities and market interests of media institutions disfigure the role they play in the shaping of public opinion and in up surviveing principles and norms of democracy.II Understanding received names tie in to mediaPaid media is the most traditional advertising in which a company pays for space or for a third party to promote its products. This form is boom with emergence of more tar irritateed cable TV, online-display placement, and early(a)wise channels options for marketers expanding exponentially .Online video and search trade is attracting greater interest .Paid media has too much of clutter with declining reply order and declining credibility.Owned MediaOwned media, consists of catalogues, network sites, retail stores, alert programs and e-mail notifications of special spins etc on properties or channels owned by the company that uses them for marketing purposes. Owned Media do not offer guarantees and consumers have limited trust in this media.Earned MediaEarned media (or free media) refers to favorable publicity gained done promotional efforts other than advertising, as opposed to paid media, which refers to publicity gained through advertising.1 Earned media often refers specifically to publicity gained through editorial influence, whereas complaisant media refers to publicity gained thro ugh grassroots action, particularly on the Internet. The media may include any mass media outlets, such as newspaper, television, intercommunicate, and the Internet, and may include a variety of formats, such as news articles or shows, letters to the editor, editorials, and polls on television and the Internet.1Earned media is an old PR verge that essentially meant getting your brand into free media rather than having to pay for it through advertising.Social mediaSocial media employ web- and mobile-based technologies to support interactive dialogue and introduce substantial and pervasive changes to communication between organizations, communities, and individuals. 1 Andreas Kaplan and Michael Haenlein define societal media as a group of Internet-based applications that build on the ideological multi faceted and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content.2 I.e. Social media are social software which mediates human com munication. When the technologies are in place, social media is ubiquitously accessible, and enabled by scalable communication techniques. In the year 2012, social media became one of the most powerful sources for news updates through platforms like Twitter and Face book.2Sold MediaPaid and owned media are controlled by marketers touting their own products. For earned media, such marketers act as the sign catalyst for users responses. But in some cases, one marketers owned media become some other marketers paid media-for instance, when an e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. This is termed as sold media on an owned media whose traffic is so strong that other organizations place their content or e-commerce engines within that environment.3This is gaining more popularity as a promotional media on the web based sites as it gives eye ball attention to the interested clientele only as it is projected on the link web pages which the potential client of the product is vis iting.Hijacked MediaThe same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more (and more diverse) communications choices have also increased the risk that enthusiastic consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked media are the opposite of earned media an asset or campaign becomes warrantor to consumers, other stakeholders, or activists who make negative allegations somewhat a brand or product e.g. a prank online video of two employees contaminating sandwiches in Dominos Pizza kitchen appeared on YouTube.AdvertorialAn advertorial is an advertisement in the form of an editorial. The term advertorial is a portmanteau of advertisement and editorial. Merriam-Webster dates the origin of the word to 1946.1In printed publications, the advertisement is usually stool verbally in the form of an objective article and designed to look like a legitimate and independent news story. In television, the advertisemen t is similar to a short infomercial presentation of products or services. These burn down either be in the form of a television commercial or as a segment on a talk show or variety show. In radio, these can take the form of a radio commercial or a discussion between the announcer and representative.4Paid NewsPaid news or paid content are those articles in newspapers, magazines and the electronicmedia, which indicate prospering conditions for the institution that has paid for it. The newsis much like an advertisement, but without the ad tag. This kind of news has been considered a serious malpractice since it deceives the citizens, not letting them know that the news is, in fact an advertisement. Secondly, the payment modes usually violate tax laws and election spending laws. More seriously, it has raised electoral concerns be drift the media has a direct influence on voters.5The dynamic media jargon has its vocabulary changing every moment which in turn is not only changing the wa y consumers perceive and absorb marketing messages but will also force marketers to change their thinking about the way they allocate spending and organize operations. Different kinds of media are becoming more integrated. The sold media can catapult a marketer into a stream of contacts with users and members through owned-media hubs, where marketing companies can offer a more engaging experience, get consumers interested in products. New publishing models are finding their way in modern media as marketers are leaning on media providers for help by partnering with media publishers to create deeper marketing experiences for consumers and to obtain content and ad sales support. Computer maker Dell and automobile manufacturer Nissan, for example, worked with the Sundance Channel in United States to create a television talk show hosted by Elvis Costello to attract their target demographic with ads that seamlessly blended into the shows content. Applications created on mobile phones are initiating tools that provide efficacious information. For example, eBays Red Laser generates a list of prices for products by merely scanning the barcode on mobile phone. Twitter and other blogging platforms are social media platforms to promote new products and promotions by leveraging its huge fan base.III Accountability and responsibility in journalismGood journalism flourishes where society respects and enforces the rule of law. global standards supply guarantees of free expression. But these standards also typically acknowledge certain legitimate grounds for the states restriction of free expression.6The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, title by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, pronounces in Article 19 thatEveryone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek,receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.Article 29 then qualifies thi s right asIn the exercise of his rights and freedoms, everyone shall be unresolved only to such limitations as are determined by law solely for the purpose of securing due recognition and respect for the rights and freedom of others and of meeting the scantily requirements of morality, public order and the general welfare in a democratic society .7The right to free expression often goes loggerheads with other competing interests. Sometimes there is no legal remedy for types of journalistic mis contribute that can disappoint readers and viewers. A courtroom is often not the best place to resolve disputes about balance, fairness, and accuracy and there is always the risk that harsh judicial remedies, even those imposed when the underlying case involves journalistic misconduct, will inhibit the future free and open publication of controversial views. In such a scenario self- regulatory mechanisms offer a valuable alternative.8Most associations of journalists, and many individual news organizations, have select codes of ethics. Terms vary. Some codes are binding, and violation of a provision can lead to dismissal by an employer or expulsion from a professional journalism society. But most codes of ethics, instead, offer voluntary guidelines to help journalists make morally and professionally sound decisions. Codes thus encourage greater accountability to readers and viewers. A dependable example is the Code of Ethics for the Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ)9, the largest voluntary association of U.S. news reporters and editors. Its code encourages journalists to abide by four core principlesSeek uprightness and report it Journalists should be honest, fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information.Minimize harm Ethical journalists treat sources, subjects and colleagues as human beings deserving of respect. do work independently Journalists should be free of obligation to any interest other than the publics right to knowBe acc ountable Journalists are accountable to their readers, listeners, viewers and severally other.By its own terms, the SPJ code is a voluntary guide to ethical behavior. It statesThe code is intended not as a set of rules but as a guide for ethical decision-making.10Similarly the Press Council of India, an autonomous body was set up under the Press Council Act, 1978. The Press Council of India has developed norms of journalistic conduct that cover the principles and ethics regarding journalism. The Press Council of India has also laid down guidelines on reporting of specific issues of public and national importance. In 1996, it drew up a set of guidelines that are particularly applicable to financial journalism. The Press Council of India has also issued guidelines on reporting of elections.11Mint12has laid down a code of journalistic conduct for guiding its journalists in so much of details that these can be expanded in scope to be followed by the entire media to shelter and uphold the values of journalism in the country.Journalists have to be honest fair and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information ensuring accuracy, objectivity, balance and fairness. A Journalist should be free of any obligations, whether political or corporate. Speaking of corporations, there is no denying that Journalism and reporting like most other professions penury significant capital inputs and sound business sense to survive. But, this is a profession where the stakes are much high because it is a profession which has the power to create opinions and to shape a nations present and its future. Journalists must maintain dignity in expression and be sensitive while reporting on critical issues.IV Mass media separatrix Can it be avoided?Media bias is the bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events and stories that are reported and how they are covered. The term media bias implies a pervasive or widespread bias contrav ening the standards of journalism, rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The direction and degree of media bias in various countries is widely disputed.13The phenomenon of political bias has been founded in the media along with the invention of printing press and historically media has always favored the more powerful social groups. Like newspapers, the broadcast media (radio and television) have been used as a mechanism for propaganda from their earliest days, a object made more pronounced by the sign self-command of broadcast spectrum by national governments. Although a process of media deregulation has placed the majority of the broadcast media in private hands, there still exists a strong government presence, or even monopoly, in the broadcast media of many countries across the globe. At the same time, the concentration of media in private hands, and frequently amongst a comparatively small number of individuals, has also led to accusations of me dia bias.14There are primarily three categories of bias in reporting of a news to wit gate keeping bias which stops a news from appearing at all, coverage bias which gives the various degrees of prominence to the news and statement bias which gives color to a news through opinionated coverage.15The following are the most commonly talked about biases-Support or attack a particular political party, candidate, or ideology.Advertising bias, when stories are selected or taped to please advertisers.Corporate bias, when stories are selected or slanted to please corporate owners of media.Mainstream bias, a tendency to report what everyone else is reporting, and to avoid stories that will offend anyone.Sensationalism, bias in favor of the exceptional over the ordinary, giving the impression that rare events, such as plane crashes, are more common than common events, such as automobile crashes.Favors or attacks on a particular race, religion, gender, age, sexual orientation, or ethnic group .16The bias of the mass media may be sited due to its economic structural views which get a leaning to a political view and in turn takes the form of propaganda. The corporate ownership of media houses is bound to have biases in the areas where their profitability is affected. There is another demand-driven theory of mass media bias. If readers and viewers have prior views on the incumbent state of affairs and are uncertain about the quality of the information about it being provided by media outlets, then the latter have an incentive to slant stories towards their customers prior beliefs, in order to build and keep a reputation for high-quality journalism. The reason for this is that rational agents would tend to believe that pieces of information that go against their prior beliefs in fact originate from low-quality news providers. According to a a behavioral model which is built around the assumption that readers and viewers hold beliefs that they would like to see confirmed by news providers. When news customers share common beliefs, profit-maximizing media outlets find it optimal to select and/or frame stories in order to spoil to those beliefs.17In another model media bias arises because the media cannot tell the whole truth but are restricted to simple messages, such as political endorsements. In this setting, media bias arises because biased media are more informative people with a certain political bias prefer media with a similar bias because they can more trust their advice on what actions to take.18Not all accusations of bias are political. Science writers accuse the entertainment media of anti-science bias. Television programs such as The X-Files promote superstition.19In contrast, the Competitive Enterprise Institute, which is funded by businesses, accuses the media of being biased in favor of science and against business interests, and of credulously reporting science that purports to show that greenhouse gasses cause global warming.20There ha s been a number of suggestions and efforts to straighten the biases during media coverage. A technique used to avoid bias is the point/counterpoint or round table, an adversarial format in which representatives of opposing views comment on an issue. This approach theoretically allows diverse views to appear in the media. However, the person organizing the report still has the responsibility to choose people who really represent the breadth of opinion, to ask them non-prejudicial questions, and to edit or arbitrate their comments fairly.21Another technique used to avoid bias is disclosure of affiliations that may be considered a possible conflict of interest. This is curiously apparent when a news organization is reporting a story with some relevancy to the news organization itself or to its ownership individuals or conglomerate. Often this disclosure is mandated by the laws or regulations pertaining to stocks and securities. Commentators on news stories involving stocks are often r equired to disclose any ownership interest in those corporations or in its competitors. Same holds good during reporting of run up to elections when media covers stories and opinions through news columns and editorials as well publish advertisements related to contesting candidates and propaganda of the political parties.V Paid news Pernicious dimension of mediaMedia bias has always been a detrimental phenomenon affecting all forms of media that plagues society due to financial selfishness and vested interests of the journalists and the corporate houses controlling the strings of various sections of media. But in the recent years this bias is falling in the vicious trap of corruption whereby the news has started to have a price tag and advertorials are passed as news to unsuspecting readers and viewers. It has become pervasive, structured and highly organized and in the process, is undermining democracy in India. Media has moral responsibility to keep the news objective, fair and ne utral. A clear distinction between information and opinion from advertisements that are paid for by corporate entities, governments, organizations or individuals has to be maintained at all times. The reader should be able to distinguish between news reports and advertisements/advertorials and the boundary between the two should neer blur.But recently the paid news is becoming a deep-seated ailment which has become organized and is not restricted to only journalists, managers and owners of media companies but also involve advertising agencies and public relations firms. Owners and editors of media companies ideally should erect a firewall between journalists or content creators/producers, on the one hand, and buyers and sellers of advertising space, on the other but in some newspapers, magazines and television channels, this wall has too many convenient orifices which leads to the most common problem of making an attempt to manipulate public debate through the purchase of favorable editorial space and the purchase of advertising space .Owners of media organizations compel themselves to give favorable information about certain advertisers and block unfavorable information against them due to their financial relationships, including share-holdings, with them. An outgoing chairperson of the Securities and Exchange Board of India, in his farewell speech, referred to the existence of the anchor investor. Therefore, this problem, in a different sense, though it cannot be termed as paid news, also existed in the sphere of business journalism. Such tracks have been discernible in sections of the Indian media for some years now in spite of press council of India having drawn a set of guidelines in 1996 which are particularly applicable to financial journalists on the behest of the regulator of the countrys capital markets, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI).Disclosure of private treaties between media companies and other corporate entities need to be m andatory to safeguard the interests of investors.This practice(paid news) has started in media after India adopted free-economy policy. Corporates and media came side by side(predicate) and marketing managers became stronger than the editor of a media establishment. ..Media (the only hope for the common man) is supposed to be advocating for the deprived sections of society. But media itself has become an integral part of consumerism and corporate system.22The explosive growth in the media in the country had highlighted the fact that the Fourth Estate is the only one among the pillars of democracy that has an identifiable commercial and explicitly for-profit persona. While the essential professional duty of media organizations is to their readership to keep them informed and appraised with news, views and ideas, the commercial logic brings in a new set of stakeholders in the form of the shareholders of these companies.23The paid news has proliferated more due to diminution of the role and the status of editors in media organizations and the reduced freedom of journalists under the Working Journalists Act. Senior journalists prefer to work with their employers under fixed term contracts which erode their protection otherwise accorded to them under the provisions of the Act. Until the 1970s and the 1980s, many editors would not brook any interference from the management of the company they would be employed by the number of such editors started dwindling as more and more senior journalists started acceding to every whim of their managers and employers instead of their editors. With managers playing a more influential role in the selection and presentation of news, it was not surprising that the importance of the news started getting determined by the revenues that would be generated for the media company.24The journalist faces an ethical quandary which begins with the inherent conflict between the individuals role as a journalist providing independent inform ation to the public and his or her employers quest for profit. The poor wages of journalists especially those who work in non-urban areas also force them to double up as advertising agents working on rushs to earn their livelihood.The paid news acquires a completely new complexity of staggering proportion with the corporatization of media houses and large media houses not only own print media but also own electronic media and radio waves. These media houses offer packages for the projection of certain individuals in all the forms of media that they own and control. This distorts parliamentary democracy in multiple ways (a) (the) media ceases to be objective and, therefore, distorts public perception (b) it distorts the electoral political choices of the people by providing undue advantage to those candidates/political parties who are able to afford these packages, (c) it manipulates democracy, negating it completely by denying or by not providing fitting access to those who canno t afford to indulge in such malpractices thereby breaching the provisions of the Constitution of India, and (d) it demeans the idea and essence of journalism itself.25Paid news phenomenon represents a fatal combination of three Ms, namely, the media, money and mafia that has subverted free and fair elections. He said that earlier, politicians used to hire musclemen with huge amounts of money and train them in carrell rigging. Nowcandidates are training media pens instead of mafia guns to rig the minds of people with constant opinion bombarding.26The new aspect of this phenomenon of paid newsas seen in parliament elections in 2009 is that there was widespread participation by political parties in this process. The integration and assimilation of leading political parties and corporate public relations bodies in this pledge is also unique to the elections of 2009.27The Election Commission noted during the election process that the more disturbing phenomenon recently emerging and wh ich is causing serious concern to the commission is the latest complaint to the Commission that some of the newspapers have even offered packages at hefty sums, offering three types of services one, projecting the image of a political party or a candidate in a positive manner two, giving negative publicity to the rival party or candidate. The rates of such packages vary, depending upon the standing and circulation of the newspaper in the area covered by the constituency.The regional media councils have been rising to address the problem by repeatedly advise the journalists to desist from the temptation of We strongly believe that the practice of putting out advertising as news is a grave journalistic malpractice. Moreover the trend threatens the foundation of journalism by eroding public faith in the credibility and impartiality of news reporting. It also vitiated the poll process and prevented a fair election, since richer candidates who could pay for their publicity had a clear advantage.28A prominent journalist took a poke shot on vernacular press, The vernacular media may be feeling cocky, having pulled themselves out of physical poverty under their own steam, but they have yet to learn how to deal firmly and decisively with another kind of poverty that of the professional, ethical kind29.The society has woken up to the media malpractices and the reflection is seen in the films and documentaries. Film director Shri Ram Gopal Verma made a movie in Feb 2010 named Rann dealing with the topic of corruption in the media. Even a documentary titled Advertorial Selling News or Products? was produced by an eminent media critic and faculty member Paranjoy Guha Thakurta for Indias national broadcaster, Doordarshan.Even in a survey conducted by the Readers Digest in March 2010, called the Trust Survey, 750 Indians were asked to rank the short-listed individuals belonging to different professions. Journalists were ranked 30 out of the 40 professionals listed and we re placed next only to barbers and bus drivers.30Edelman, an independent public relations firm, in its 2010 Trust Barometer Survey (conducted in 22 countries worldwide, including India and six other countries in the Asia-Pacific region) stated that the Indian media has been losing its credibility and trust among the people. The study, which sampled 1,575 people in the 25-64 age group and 200 opinion leaders in India, noticed a sharp drop in trust over the past two years in television news in India. However, newspapers are ranked higher than other media in terms of credible news with people trusting newspapers more than any other medium 38 per cent of the Indians polled trusted radio and television, while

German Jewry on the Eve of Destruction Essay -- Jews Jewish Nazi Essay

Did the Jews of Germany do enough to prevent their wholesale massacre by the Nazis? Should they have resisted earlier and to a greater degree? Should the Jews in Western countries acted even when Jews within Germany did not? In 1933, there were several different responses to Germanys progressively anti-Jewish tendencies. Then, on the eve of destruction, before the Nazis had fully planned for their extermination, the German Jews had a chance to affect Germany and their own lives. I have chosen a fewer of the German Jewish responses to examine in this essay. After the single-day boycott of April 1, 1993, where the Magen David was posted on establishments of Jewish-race ownership, a Zionist named Robert Weltsch wrote the following lines in a Zionist theme article titled Wear It With Pride, The scandalmongering Badge This is a painful reminder to all those who betrayed their Judaism...The Jew who denies his Judaism is no better a citizen than his fellow who avows it openly...The Jew is marked a Jew. He gets the Yellow Badge...This regulation is intended as a brand, a sign of contempt. We will take it up and make it a badge of honor.1 As a Zionist, Weltsch was unfavourable of those Jews who had replaced their Jewish identities with solely German ones. He was happy to see the German government show those Jews that they were still Jewish, regardless of what they thought -- as far as he was concerned the German government was helping his cause by reawakening the assimilated Jews in Germany. The Magen David was being recreated as the symbol of the Zionist movement and so wherefore shouldnt Jews be proud to wear it? What Weltsch unfortunately did not seem to comprehend was the significance of these initial acts of discrimination. Th... ...story of the final solution. New York Franklin Watts, 1982. p. 120. ** Centralverein deutscher Straatsbrger jdischen Glaubens 5 C.V.-Zeitung, No. 22, June 1, 1933 (cited in Documents on the Holocaust p. 50-51).6 Holborn, Halo. A History of Modern Germany. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1969. p. 277-280. 7 Bauer, p. 123. 8 Bauer, p. 117-118. 9 Yahil, p. 95. To return to the reference in the text, click on the number. Works Citeded. Arad, Yitzhak, Yisrael Gutman and Abraham Margaliot. Documents on the Holocaust. Jerusalem Yad Vashem, 1981. Bauer, Yehuda. A History of the Holocaust. New York Franklin Watts, 1982. Holborn, Halo. A History of Modern Germany. Princeton Princeton University Press, 1969. Yahil, Leni. The Holocaust The Fate of European Jewry. New York Oxford University Press, 1990.

The Talent of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Shakespeare Othel

The Talent of Iago in Othello William Shakespeares Othello is a tragic drama that shows the overwhelming power of deception and the damage it can lead to. Othellos right-hand man is Iago on the surface a die-hard friend and confidant, in reality comparable to the devil himself. Iago uses other characters as though they were his puppets, planting lies and watching the sorrowful fruit born. Iago deceives virtuous, yet weaker men (such as Cassio and Roderigo) with ease, but feels greatly threatened by the most powerful, virtuous general in the land - Othello. Othellos only flaw is jealousy, and Iago exploits this to no end, using him to get what he wants. Iagos talent to manipulate the truth and control other people with his lies is what gives this play momentum. more than than any other characteristic, Iago preys on those who are emotionally unsure of their desires. Iago manages to find ways of altering these characters perceptions of reality, forcing them to believe in the dark world that Iago has created for them. The main emotions that Iago bends and twists are those of love... ... Castlerock Entertainment, 1995. Shakespeare, William. The Tradegy of Othello, The Moor of Venice. Literature An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama, sixth edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York Harper Collins, 1995. Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. The Engaging Qualities of Othello. Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p. Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957

Vegetarianism Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

VegetarianismEating is a staple of life. In forevery culture, food customs and commixture are part of that cultures definition. In American society and other cultures, middle is a main food that is consumed, yet not by everyone. Dating substantiate to medieval times, some meats were not consumed due to the impurities they were seen to be by the religions of the time. Throughout history, this has developed from not eat red meat, to not eating any meat at all, and even further to the vegan extreme of not eating any animal products at all. Though not everyone feels this way, more and more people motley their eating habits every day. Methodology Due to the nature of this report, information is not hard to find, especially in this town. Considering that there is a whole food perseverance in todays society, the data is not hard to collect. Also, with the new wave of vegetarianism and veganism making its way through society, research on it was plentiful. Most of the books in the libr ary tended to be older books, but they did briefly go into vegetarianism in certain sections. As is shown through various graffiti art on the sidewalks, such as VEGAN magnate XXX, to the food in the dorms (signs stating the vegan or vegetarian nature of the food), this is a new heath and moral concern with people, but especially college students today. Students who have changed their eating habits are besides good sources for information on how one goes about changing theirs too. Description and Analysis To live, one has to eat, and the best food for the body is that of the healthy nature. The concept of eating in such a way as to help the body to balance and adjust itself is of course a widespread one, (pg. 93, Wheeler/Poh). Over the years, jump b... ...matter. Actually narrowing my paper down helped me be more productive for I had a goal in mind instead of just a very broad subject matter of food. This report turned out very well and I enjoyed researching it. However, in the f uture I hope to interview more people to get more of a range of opinions. Overall, I enjoyed doing this research and finding out more about vegetarianism than I could have ever imagined. ReferencesDenny, Laura. 2001. Interview by Sarah E. Patterson, 2 December, Bloomington, Indiana. Tape Recording. SEP A-052. Twigg, Julia. 1983. Vegetarianism and the Meaning of Meat, in The Sociology of Food and Eating, by Anne Murcott. England Gower Publishing Company Limited. Wheeler, Erica and Poh, Tan Swee. 1983. Food for Equilibrium, in The Sociology of Food and Eating, by Anne Murcott. England Gower Publishing Company Limited.

Myth and Romance in Star Wars :: Star Wars Film Movie Movies Essays

Myth and Ro gentlemans gentlemance in Star WarsPure science fiction is rarely written. Science fiction is often blended with elements of other genres from hatred to fairy tales. The movie Star Wars Episode IV A New Hope is one example of this. It contains a combination of science fiction with mythic and romantic elements. Contributing to this combination are the main characters Luke, Leia, Han, and Obi-wan, the movies setting in a galaxy far, far away, and Lukes great quest. Luke Skywalker is a mythical character. Luke is orphaned as a child and is taken in by his aunt and uncle. He is unfathomed away from his father and his fathers cohorts to protect him from the dark side. Luke is only one of many mythical heroes that are reared by someone other than his own parents. Oedipus, a Greek mythological hero, was hidden in another kingdom and raised by the king and queen there to protect him from his parents.Luke is portrayed as a savior that will realize balance to the Force and wil l help the Rebellion beat the evil Galactic Empire. He is completely pure and sinless because he is so nave about the ways of the galaxy. Luke strives to save the souls of those around him.1 For example, his friend Han Solo is a greedy man that looks out only for himself. Only by offering a reward does Luke convince Han to do the right thing and help him save Princess Leia. At the end of the movie, however, Luke causes Han to experience a change of heart. Han willingly puts his life on the line to protect Luke and destroy the Death Star, without looking for some reward. This is similar to the stories told in Scripture about Jesus. He attempted to teach the others around him to overhaul a good life in service to others. Myths generally involve some religious aspect. Myths always tell the story of some god or goddess that walks among the mortals to teach them a lesson, as Jesus and Luke do.Resembling other mythical heroes, Luke is gifted with divine powers. Luke is able to use these powers, called the Force, to influence the actions and thoughts of others and to manipulate his surroundings. This makes him better than the average man because he can use these powers to his advantage against any enemy. These powers make him impossible to beat unless one also has the same powers.